Formal Linking Words

Watch the video and make notes. Then, study the explanations and examples below.

1.Additionally vs. In addition

Item A and Item B are separate and equal.

Example: “The room had a beautiful view. Additionally, the breakfast was served until 11:00 AM.”

2. Furthermore vs. Moreover

These imply that the second point is more serious or acts as further proof of a claim.

Example: “The contractor missed the deadline. Moreover, he has stopped answering my phone calls entirely.”

! The second point is “heavier.” Not answering the phone is a bigger issue than just being late. Using Additionally here would feel too weak.

3. Likewise

This is like a mirror. Use it when the second person/thing has the same features as the first onr.

Example: “The teacher found Mark’s behavior unacceptable. Likewise, she was disappointed in Sarah’s lack of cooperation.”

4. Besides

This adds a reason that makes all previous reasons irrelevant.

Example: “I have too much work to do tonight. Besides, I don’t even like loud parties.”

! The first reason (work) doesn’t matter anymore because the second reason (not liking parties) is the ultimate truth.

5. On top of that

This is the most emotional one. It’s the “cherry on top” or the “last straw”.

Example: “My flight was canceled and my taxi broke down. On top of that, it started pouring rain while I was walking.”

6. Not only… but also

This is for packaging two things into one powerful punch.

Example: “She not only speaks four languages fluently, but she also has a Master’s degree in Economics.”

7. As well as

This is for flow. It keeps the sentence moving without stopping for a period.

Example: “The sauce contains fresh basil as well as toasted pine nuts.”